Reasoning

Inductive reasoning makes broad generalizations from specific observations. Basically, there will be data which will be given, then conclusions need to be drawn from the data. The reasoning is also known as inductive logic. Important topics that come under inductive reasoning are Statement & Conclusion, Statement & Assumption, Statement & Argument, Statement & Course of Action, Cause and Effects and so on. Let us understand each one of them one by one from below.  Types of Inductive Reasoning  Let us see the various types of Inductive Reasoning Questions one by one from below.  1. Statement & Conclusion Statement and Conclusion reasoning is a very important section of Analytical Reasoning, where passage or statements will be given followed by some conclusions. Candidates need to take decisions based on these statements and select the correct conclusion from the given ones. Here, conclusion refers to the fact that can be truly inferred from the given statement. Given below is a sample question for statement and conclusion inductive reasoning: Sample Question:Statement: “All living beings require water to survive.” Conclusion: “Plants also require water to survive.” Is the conclusion valid based on the statement? A) Yes, the conclusion is valid.B) No, the conclusion is not valid. Answer:A) Yes, the conclusion is valid. Explanation:The statement establishes a general fact that all living beings require water to survive. Since plants are living beings, it can be inferred that plants also require water to survive.  2. Cause & Effects Cause & Effects questions are all about determining whether a given event is the cause or the effect of some event. In this type of inductive reasoning questions, they are designed to basically test the analytical and logical ability of a candidate. So in short, Cause in the logical or scientific reason of an event that has occured and effects to this cause are the consequences of the event. Given below is a sample question for cause and effect inductive reasoning: Sample Question:Cause: “The company introduced flexible work hours for its employees.” Effect: “Employee satisfaction and productivity increased.” Is the cause and effect relationship logical? A) Yes, the cause and effect relationship is logical.B) No, the cause and effect relationship is not logical. Answer:A) Yes, the cause and effect relationship is logical. Explanation:The cause (introduction of flexible work hours) directly affects the effect (increase in employee satisfaction and productivity), as flexible work hours are known to positively impact employee satisfaction and performance. 3. Statement & Assumption An assumption is something that we take for granted, or we assume. In various government exams, candidates will be given some statements followed by some assumptions. By reading the given statements, candidates need to take the right decision. Here taking the right decision means selecting the correct assumption. Given below is a sample question for statement and assumption inductive reasoning: Sample Question:Statement: “The event requires an entry fee for participants.” Assumption: “Participants are willing to pay the entry fee.” Is the assumption implicit in the statement? A) Yes, the assumption is implicit.B) No, the assumption is not implicit. Answer:A) Yes, the assumption is implicit. Explanation:The statement assumes that participants are willing to pay the entry fee, as it mentions the requirement of an entry fee for participation. 4. Statement & Argument Argument is a point of view on a particular matter supported by certain evidence. The candidate is required to check the forcefulness of the given argument such as if they are weak or strong. In technical terms, an argument may be said to be a sequence of two or more phrases, clauses, sentences that includes claim or conclusion. Such conclusion is arrived at with the help of one or more than one statement, which may be called premise or proposition. Given below is a sample question for statement and argument inductive reasoning: Sample Question:Statement: “Regular exercise improves cardiovascular health.” Argument: “People who exercise regularly have lower chances of heart diseases.” Is the argument valid based on the statement? A) Yes, the argument is valid.B) No, the argument is not valid. Answer:A) Yes, the argument is valid. Explanation:The argument is valid because it builds on the statement’s premise that regular exercise improves cardiovascular health. It presents a logical connection between exercising regularly and reducing the risk of heart diseases. 5. Statement & Course of Action In Statement and Course of Action Reasoning, a situation will be given as a statement and some probable course of actions will be given in the context of that situation. Candidates will be asked to determine, which of them should be followed based on the given statement or event. The given course of action will be true if it does solve or reduce or minimize the problem and if it is a practical solution. Given below is a sample question for statement and course of action inductive reasoning: Sample Question:Statement: “Traffic congestion has increased in the city due to inadequate road infrastructure.” Course of Action: “The city administration should invest in expanding road networks.” Is the course of action appropriate based on the statement? A) Yes, the course of action is appropriate.B) No, the course of action is not appropriate. Answer:A) Yes, the course of action is appropriate. Explanation:The course of action directly addresses the cause (inadequate road infrastructure) mentioned in the statement (traffic congestion). Expanding road networks can help alleviate traffic congestion and is a logical response to the problem. Inductive Reasoning Vs Deductive Reasoning The differences between Inductive and Deductive Reasoning is tabulated below. Deductive Reasoning Inductive Reasoning It is a logical process where a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true. It is a logical process where multiple premises that are assumed true are combined to obtain a specific conclusion. It varies from general to specific. It varies from specific to general. It is a top down approach. It is a bottom down approach. Its conclusion is true if the premises are true. The conclusion may not be true although the premises may be true. It is based on facts, truth, or rules. It

A Venn diagram is a diagram that uses circles to demonstrate the connections between items or finite groupings of things. Intersecting circles have similar features, but non-overlapping circles don’t. Venn diagrams are useful for visualizing the similarities and contrasts between two concepts. They have long been acknowledged for their value as instructional aids. Venn diagrams have been utilized in introductory logic curriculums and elementary-level instructional strategies across the world since the mid-twentieth century. Applications of Venn Diagrams Venn diagrams are used to show how elements connect to one another in relation to a larger background,  data set, or environment. Let us consider, two businesses in the same sector. The part where circles of the diagram overlap shows the items offered by both companies (where circles overlap) and the items that are unique to each company (outer circles). Despite their simplicity, Venn diagrams can be used to visualize a wide variety of complex relationships and concepts. They are also commonly used in statistics to represent the relationships between different data sets. You can also see the applications of Venn diagrams in other aspects of study as well.Overall, the versatility and simplicity of Venn diagrams have made them a valuable tool for organizing and communicating complex ideas in a wide range of fields. Types of Venn Diagram  As now we know what the Venn Diagram reasoning section consists of, let us see the various types of logical venn diagram questions are given below.  1. Basic Relation In this type of Venn diagram reasoning, general relations will be given and candidates need to find the best Venn Diagram for those relations. 2. Geometrical Relation In this type of Venn diagram reasoning, some relations are given in geometrical form and candidates need to find the best logical Venn Diagram for those relations.

As the name suggests, Direction and Distance questions are based on the distance and/or direction puzzle. Based on the given distance and direction, candidates need to find out the final direction from the starting point and/or find out the distance, covered between starting point and the final or end point.  To solve direction and distance reasoning questions, candidates need to know about the directions; there are 4 main directions and 4 sub directions. The main directions are; East, West, North, and South, whereas the sub directions are: North-East, North-West, South-East, and South-West.  Besides this, the right turn and left turn are generally asked in the direction and distance reasoning section. The direction of the right turn is always clockwise whereas the direction of the left turn is always anticlockwise.  Types of Direction and Distance Reasoning As now we know what consists of the questions related to the Direction and Distance reasoning section, let us see the various types of Direction and Distance questions below.  1. Turns and Rotations  In these types of Distance and Direction Reasoning Questions, rotations such as clockwise or anticlockwise, and turns such as left or right taken by people will be given and candidates will need to find his/her final position. 2. Distance and Displacement A displacement is a short distance between the initial and final position of a point or a person. It quantifies both distance and direction. For example, if a person starts walking from a point and after walking 100m, reaches the same point from where he started then the displacement of that person is 0, whereas the distance travelled by him is 100m. 3. Shadow Based In this types of Distance and Direction Reasoning, Questions are asked based on shadow. Shadows always fall on the opposite side of the Sun. For example, from sunrise to afternoon, such as before 12 PM, the shadow will fall in the west direction, whereas from afternoon to evening, such as after 12 PM, the shadow will fall in the east direction. No shadow will be formed at 12 PM.  4. Coded Directions and Distance  In these types of Distance and Direction Reasoning Questions, distance and directions are given in coded form and using the coded expression given in the question, candidates need to decode it and find the final answer.  5. Direction Puzzle In these types of Distance and Direction Reasoning Questions, persons or elements are arranged in a row and then move them in different directions. How to Solve Direction and Distance Reasoning Questions – Tips and Tricks  Candidates can find various tips and distance and direction reasoning tricks from below for solving the questions related to the Direction and Distance reasoning section.  Tip # 1: To resolve these types of questions, candidates need to know about the directions, there are 4 main directions and four sub directions. The main directions are; East, West, North, and South, whereas the sub directions are: North-East, North-West, South-East, and South-West.  Tip # 2: Besides this, the right turn and left turn are generally asked in the direction and distance reasoning section. The direction of the right turn is always clockwise whereas the direction of the left turn is always anticlockwise.  Tip # 3: To find the shortest distance covered between a starting point and the end point, candidates need to use the Pythagoras formula such as H^2 = B^2 + P^2, where H is the hypotenuse, B is the Base, and P is the Perpendicular.  Tip # 4: Always use NESW in a clockwise direction. North is opposite to South and East is opposite to West.  Sample Direction and Distance Questions Given below are sample direction and distance reasoning questions with answers to help you better understand the concepts behind it: Question 1: Renu is facing south, She turns 90 degree left, then she turns 90 degree right, then she turns 180 degree left. Now in which direction is she facing? Solution: If we analyse the question then according to the question Renu should be facing North right now. North is the correct answer.  Question 2: Harry starts walking from his home, after walking 7 KM towards East he takes right and walks for another 8 KM. Now he turns 135 degrees right and walks for 2 KM and stops. What is the direction of the initial point with respect to the final stop point? Solution: According to the question, if we draw the diagram we get North-West. So the correct answer is North-West.  Question 3: A Nurse moved 90 m in the East in a hospital to look for her duty doctor, then she turned right and went 20m. After this she turned right and after going 30 m she reached I.C.U but the Doctor was not there. From there she went 100 m to her north and met her doctor. What distance did she move to meet her duty doctor from the starting point?  Solution: If we use the Pythagoras formula, then we get  H^2 = B^2 + P^2 H^2 = 60^2 + 80^2 H^2 = 10000 H = 100 So the answer is 100 m.  Question 4: On evening at 4 PM, Seeta and Reema are sitting in a garden facing each other. If Reema’s shadow falls behind her, which direction is Seeta facing?  Solution: If we draw directions according to the given information we get, In the evening the Sun is in the West. Hence, the shadow falls on the East. Since, Reema’s shadow falls behind her. It implies that Reema is facing the West side. As Seeta and Reema are facing each other, So Seeta will face East.  Question 5: In the morning a guy walks X km North, takes left and walks 3 KM, takes left and walks 5 KM, takes left and walks 5 KM and finally takes a right and walks 4 KM. Now his shadows are exactly pointing towards his initial position. What is the value of X?   Solution: If we draw the directions then we get, X = 5 + 4 = 9 KM. Therefore, the correct answer is 4. 

Syllogism is a part of logical reasoning, especially analytical reasoning. It consists of some statements, and candidates need to derive conclusions from the given statements. The statements and conclusions may seem to be illogical, but while solving questions related to syllogism in reasoning, candidates must assume the given statements to be 100% true.  Syllogism reasoning questions check the basic aptitude and ability of a candidate to derive inferences from given statements using step-by-step methods of solving problems. Let us now understand the various types of Syllogism from below.  Types of Syllogism in Reasoning As now we know what is Syllogism, let us see the various types of syllogism questions in the reasoning section below.  1. Basic Syllogism In these type of syllogism reasoning questions, the conclusions must be 100% true. Conclusions which are 99% true will be considered as False. 2. Either – or Case In these type of syllogism reasoning questions, when the conclusions are not 100% true but the two given conclusions are 50% true then the either-or case will be formed. 3. Coded Syllogism  In these types of syllogism reasoning questions, statements and conclusions are given in coded form. Candidates need to decode the statements and conclusions to find the answer. 4. Sequential Syllogism In these type of syllogism reasoning questions, statements are given followed by the options. Candidates need to choose the set in which the third statement can be logically deduced from the first two statements. How to Solve Syllogism Questions in Reasoning– Tips and Tricks  Candidates can find various tips and syllogism logical reasoning tricks from below for solving the questions in this section.  Tip # 1: If a definite conclusion is false in any of the possible diagrams, then the definite conclusion is considered to be false. Tip # 2: If all statements are positive, then all negative conclusions will be false in definite cases and vice versa. Tip # 3: Subject and Predicate can interchange for the complementary pair “Some + No” Tip # 4: In a syllogism reasoning problem, if two conclusions have the same subject & predicate and consist of a complementary pair but only one of the conclusions is true, then it will not form an either-or case. Do not consider “Some + Some” as a complementary pair for Either or case. Tip # 5: If a possible conclusion is true in any one of the possible diagrams, then the possibility is considered to be true. Tip # 6: “Only a few” means both conclusions are definitely true. Therefore, the conclusion, some A are B and some A are not B will be definitely true. Tip # 7: In a syllogism reasoning problem, complementary pairs for Either or case are, “Some + N” and “All + Some not” Tip # 8: Both conclusions should consist of one of the above complementary pairs. Subject and Predicate of the two conclusions should be the same and they cannot interchange. The answer of both the conclusions should be can’t be said. Tip # 9: Candidates need to keep the following things in mind while solving the syllogism based questions.  Statement Definite Conclusion Possible Conclusion All A are B All A are B Some A are B .Some B are A All B are A Some B are not A Some A are B Some A are B Some B are A All A are B All B are ASome A are not B Some B are not A Some A are not B Some A are not B Some A are B No A is B No B is ASome B are not AAll B are A No A is B No A is BNo B is A No possibility is true Syllogism Sample Questions in Reasoning Basic Syllogism: Question 1: Statements: All roses are flowers. Some flowers are red. Conclusion: I. Some roses are red. II. All red things are roses. Select the correct conclusion(s): A) Only conclusion I B) Only conclusion II C) Both conclusions I and II D) Neither conclusion I nor II Answer: A) Only conclusion I Explanation: Conclusion I is valid as it follows from the two statements (All roses are flowers, and some flowers are red). Conclusion II is not valid because we cannot infer that all red things are roses based on the given statements. Question 2: Statements: All dogs are mammals. Some mammals are carnivores. Conclusion: I. Some dogs are carnivores. II. All carnivores are dogs. Select the correct conclusion(s): A) Only conclusion I B) Only conclusion II C) Both conclusions I and II D) Neither conclusion I nor II Answer: D) Neither conclusion I nor II Explanation: Neither conclusion I nor II is valid based on the given statements. The first statement only establishes a relation between dogs and mammals, and the second statement establishes a relation between mammals and carnivores. We cannot directly relate dogs to carnivores based on the given information. Either – or Case: Question 3: Statements: All doctors are educated. Some educated people are researchers. Conclusion: I. Some researchers are doctors. II. Either some doctors are researchers, or all researchers are doctors. Select the correct conclusion(s): A) Only conclusion I B) Only conclusion II C) Both conclusions I and II D) Neither conclusion I nor II Answer: B) Only conclusion II Explanation: Conclusion II is valid as it includes both possibilities based on the given statements. It covers the case where some doctors are researchers (as per the first conclusion) and also the possibility where all researchers are doctors (as per the second conclusion). Question 4: Statements: All lions are fierce. Some fierce animals are predators. Conclusion: I. Some lions are predators. II. Either some predators are lions, or all lions are predators. Select the correct conclusion(s): A) Only conclusion I B) Only conclusion II C) Both conclusions I and II D) Neither conclusion I nor II Answer: D) Neither conclusion I nor II Explanation: Neither conclusion I nor II is valid based on the given statements. The first statement establishes a relation between lions and being fierce, and the second statement establishes a relation between fierce animals

Deductive reasoning is defined as a logical process in which a conclusion is drawn based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true. Deductive reasoning is also referred to as top-down logic. It is a logical approach where you progress from general ideas to specific conclusions through statements in mathematical reasoning. A premise is a generally accepted fact, or rule, and it is a statement that lays the groundwork for a theory or general idea. Conclusions are statements which are supported by premises. We first see the given premises then we derive a conclusion from both the premises which must be valid according to both the given premises. This process of finding a logical relation between the two premises is called Deductive Reasoning. For example, Premise 1: “All insects have six legs.” Premise 2: “Spiders have eight legs.” Using Deductive Logical Reasoning we can conclude the following. Conclusion: “Spiders are not insects.” We see that the above conclusion is valid with respect to both the provided premises. Deductive reasoning is an important skill for individuals of all types, as it will allow one to make an inference based on two or more pieces of information. Types of Deductive Reasoning There are mainly three types of deductive reasoning questions as listed below. Given below is a deductive reasoning example for syllogism, P: “If a person is born in the 1970s then they are in generation X.” Q: “If a person is in Generation X then they have listened to music in a walkman.” So the conclusion according to syllogism is “if a person is born in the 1970s then they have listened to music in a walkman. Given below is a deductive reasoning example for Modus Ponens, P: “If a person is born between 1981 and 1996 then they are a millennial.” Q: “John was born in 1992.” So the conclusion according to Modus Ponens is “John is a millennial.” Given below is a deductive reasoning example for Modus Tollens, P: “If a person is born between 1981 and 1996 then they are a millennial.” Q: “Brian is not a millennial.” So the conclusion according to Modus Tollens is “Brian was not born between 1981 and 1996.” Steps to Solve Deductive Reasoning Questions The steps to solve Deductive Reasoning Questions are listed below. Step 1: Make initial assumptions. We must begin by making an initial assumption that is generally accepted as true. Step 2: Form a second premise. Then consider a second the premise which is related to it. If the initial assumption is correct then the second premise is as well. Step 3: Conduct testing. We can then test the assumption in different scenarios and note the results. Step 4: Come to a conclusion. Depending on what results we obtain, we can then conclude whether the information is valid or invalid. Deductive Reasoning Vs Inductive Reasoning The differences between Inductive and Deductive Reasoning is tabulated below. Deductive Reasoning Inductive Reasoning It is a logical process where a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true. It is a logical process where multiple premises that are assumed true are combined to obtain a specific conclusion. It varies from general to specific. It varies from specific to general. It is a top down approach. It is a bottom down approach. Its conclusion is true if the premises are true. The conclusion may not be true although the premises may be true. It is based on facts, truth, or rules. It is based on patterns or connections. It is more difficult to use as it is based on true facts. It is used in daily life as it is based on evidence rather than facts. Application of Deductive Reasoning Deductive reasoning is a crucial skill that is valued in many different jobs and industries. It is widely applied in many different industries and valued by employers. The main applications of deductive reasoning are listed below. Deductive Reasoning Solved Examples Problem 1:X: “All footballers are healthy and fit.”Y: “All the famous sports players are footballers.” Given that the above statements are true, find which of the following is the logical deduction. Solution: We first simplify the given facts. Hence we get that number 3 is the correct logical deduction which is “All famous sports players are healthy and fit.” Problem 2:In our Sixth Form this year, 94% of students achieved A to C grades. Last year, 95% of students achieved A to C grades. The school has said that its new approach to mentoring students has had a brilliant impact on student performance. Based on the information above, which of the following statements are true? Solution: With the given information, the only logical conclusion we derive is 4. Below we have described why other options are not logically correct. Thus the correct conclusion we deduce is “Before last year, less than 94% of students achieved A to C.” Testbook is a platform where you can learn new concepts from the very basics and achieve good marks in your exams. You can also prepare for different competitive exams with the help of different mock tests available on this platform Download the TestBook App to access all such features instantly.

Mathematical reasoning or say the principle of mathematical reasoning is a part of math where we learn to obtain the true values of the presented statements. These types of reasoning statements are very common in competitive exams like JEE. The principal objective from such a domain is to examine the conceptual logical reasoning ability of a person in competitive examinations and eligibility analyses. Mathematical reasoning questions are extremely engaging and strongly stirs up the analytical thinking of the individual brain There are various sorts of statements in mathematical reasoning and the procedures that are performed on those statements. Let us understand them one by one. What is a Mathematical Reasoning Statement? A statement is a form of a sentence that is either true or false, but not both together. It should be noted that no sentence can be termed a statement if: Types of Reasoning in Mathematics In terms of mathematics, the two types of mathematical reasoning are: Inductive Reasoning In the inductive approach of mathematical reasoning, the validity of the statement is indicated by a particular set of rules and then it is generalized. The principle of mathematical induction practices the concept of inductive reasoning. As mathematical inductive reasoning is generalized, it is not regarded in geometrical proofs. Below is an example to understand the same: Statement: The price of a commodity is Rs 20 and the cost of employees to fabricate the item is Rs. 10. The sales rate of the item is Rs. 70. Reasoning: From the above statement, it can be stated that the item will give a good profit for the shops selling it. Deductive Reasoning In this type of mathematical reasoning, the principal approach of deductive reasoning is the contrast of the principle of induction. In deductive type reasoning, we implement the rules of a general case to a provided statement and make it true for particular statements. Below is an example to understand the same: Statement: Pythagorean Theorem is true for every right-angled triangle. Reasoning: If triangle PQR is a right triangle, it will support the Pythagorean Theorem. Types of Mathematical Reasoning Statements There are three main types of reasoning statements: Simple Statements Simple statements are those types of mathematical reasoning statements that are direct and do not cover any modifier. These statements are somewhat comfortable to work on and do not need much reasoning. In other words, a statement is said to be simple if it cannot be split down into two or more statements. Some examples of the simple statement are: Compound Statements With the aid of certain connectives, we can combine different statements. Such a statement in mathematical reasoning is made up of two or more statements is identified as a compound statement. In other words, a compound statement is one that is made up of two or more simple statements. The connectives can be “and”, “or”, etc. Some examples of the compound statement are: Example 1: “The number 13 is both an odd and prime number” can be split into two statements “13 is an odd number” and “13 is a prime number” therefore it is a compound statement. Example 2: The above two statements can be combined together as a compound statement : Even numbers are divisible by 2 and 2 is also an even number. Note: The simple statements which create a compound statement are defined as component statements. If-Then Statements According to mathematical reasoning, if we find an if-then statement i.e. ‘if x then y’, then by showing that x is true, y can be confirmed to be true or if we show that y is false, then x is also false. For example: Example 1: If we encounter a statement that states ‘X if and only if Y’, then we can address the reason for such a statement by pointing out that if X is true, then Y is also true and if Y is true, then X is also true. Example 2: x: 9 is a multiple of 81. y: 9 is a factor of 81. As one of the given statements i.e. x is true, we can say that y is also true. Connectives Applied in Compound Statements Let us learn about basic logical connectives; there are many ways of joining simple statements to develop new statements. The words which connect or modify a simple statement to form a new statement or compound statement are termed connectives. There are three basic types of connectives that are applied to connect simple statements in mathematical reasoning to form a compound statement. Let us learn about these three: Conjunction: A compound statement that is achieved by combining two simple statements with the connective ‘and’ is said to be a conjunctive statement in mathematical reasoning. The conjunction of two statements ‘a’ and ‘b’ is presented as “a and b” or “a ∧ b”. Example:  a: Arun is a boy. b: Netra is a girl. Solution: The conjunction of the statement a and b is provided by: a ∧ b: Arun is a boy and Netra is a girl. Disjunction: The compound statement that is achieved by connecting two or more statements with a connecting word ‘or’ is said to be a disjunctive statement in mathematical reasoning. The disjunction of two statements ‘a’ and ‘b’ is given as “a or b” or “a ∨ b”. Example: “X is an odd number” and “X is an even number” The disjunction of the statement is given as: “X is an odd number or an even number”. Negation: Negation of a statement in mathematical reasoning represents a denial of any comment. The word ‘not’ is practiced to negate a statement. Though negation does not connect two statements, it provides the negative of a statement. In other words, it only alters a statement. Negation of any statement ‘x’ is presented as “not x” and is symbolically represented as “~x”. Example 1:  “17 is a prime number”. The negation for this is given as “17 is not a prime number”. Example 2:  Jaipur is a city. The

The action or process of making important decisions for selection of a candidate is known as Decision Making. In this logical reasoning section, criteria for selection of any post or admission will be given, which a candidate must need to fulfil in order to get selected for a particular job or post. In other types of questions, a paragraph of information is given and based on which the questions are to be answered in a relevant manner. Decision Making reasoning questions are designed to judge the decision making capability of a candidate.  Types of Decision Making Reasoning  Now that we know what consists of the Decision Making reasoning questions, lets see the various types of questions that one may come by one below:  1. Eligibility Test  In these type of Decision Making Reasoning questions, a set of necessary conditions and qualifications required to be fulfilled by the candidate for a certain vacancy in a job/promotion/admission in a college, along with the biodata of certain candidates who have applied for the same will be given. Candidates are required to evaluate and assess a candidate’s eligibility and decide the appropriate course of action to be taken from the given alternatives.  2. Passage Based Decision Making  In these type of Decision Making Reasoning questions, generally a paragraph or a group of statements is given followed by some questions, and a candidate is required to read the data carefully and decide accordingly, which option follows from the data.  How to Solve Decision Making Questions – Tips and Tricks  Candidates can find various tips and decision making reasoning tricks from below for solving the questions related to the Decision Making reasoning section.  Tip # 1: For solving the decision making reasoning questions, candidates need to analyse the statements given very carefully before attempting the question.  Tip # 2: Analyse the statements along with the biodata given for every candidate to eliminate the options and get the correct answer.  Tip # 3: Candidates need to follow the course of actions based on the instructions given. Points should be according to conditions provided. For a candidate, only one exceptional condition will be allowed. Sample Decision Making Questions Before attempting the sample decision making reasoning questions read the directions given below.  Following are the conditions for selecting trainees for winter internship at ICICI bank. The candidate must In case of the candidate who fulfil the required conditions but  Read more details on Ranking Reasoning Question 1: Rahul has passed B.Com. with 50% marks and secured 55% in the selection test. Born on 28 January, 1988, he can pay the required amount for recruitment.  Solution: If we analyse the given data with the statements given above, we see that since the information provided does not happen when graduation is below 55%, the data is inadequate.  Question 2: Max has passed B.A. with 82% and secured 69% in the selection test. He is the son of a teacher and he was born on 12 September, 1989. He can pay a maximum of Rs. 14000 as Money deposit.  Solution: If we analyse the given data with the statements given above, we see that the candidate must be referred to the Manager, as he can pay Rs.14000 which is more than required Rs. 12500.  Question 3: Riya Sharma was born on 31st May 1992 and has passed B.Sc. with 62% marks and secured 49% marks in the selection test. She is the daughter of cashier of the Bank and can pay a maximum of Rs. 10000 as deposit.  Solution: The candidate has secured below 50% marks but above 45% marks in the selection test, thus he/she may be referred to the Manager for recruitment. 

A course of action is a step taken to counter a given situation, problem or circumstance, so that either it may completely solve the problem or it may reduce the complexity of the problem and improve the situation. The types of questions that are being asked from this section can be based on two courses of action or three courses of action.  In daily life, a person faces problems with his work, travel, administration, society, friends, family, and so on. These problems need to be solved and the way of acting or dealing to solve these problems or situations is known as the correct course of action. A course of action is considered appropriate or acceptable only when it completely or partially solves the problem, otherwise not. The problem or situation may vary in different circumstances and so the solution of it will also vary. Therefore, to solve these types of problems a careful analysis of the problem is required to reach the correct course of action.  Types of Statement and Course of Action Reasoning As we now know what consists of the questions related to the Statement and Course of Action reasoning section. Let us see the various types of questions that may come one by one below.  1. Established Fact Established type of Statement and Course of Action reasoning are of various types. Let us understand them one by one from below.  (a) Experiences predict so  In this type of Statement and Course of Action reasoning, the statement given can be a relatively new one. The solution in this case may not be a universal fact, but the experience predicts that it is true.  (b) Logical Prediction  In this type of Statement and Course of Action reasoning, the given course of action can be relatively new one and cannot be a universal fact, but from a logical point of view it is true.  (c) Prevailing notion of truth In this type of Statement and Course of Action reasoning, statements will be given and solutions for the same will be considered as a strong solution but it will be not in conformity with the prevailing notion of truth.  ow to Solve Question Based on Statement and Course of Action – Know all Tips and Tricks  Candidates can find various tips and tricks from below for solving the questions related to the Statement and Course of Action reasoning section.  Tip # 1: Candidates should make sure that the chosen answer should be practically true and suitable for the long term.  Tip # 2: The solution should not have any negative effects afterwards.  Statement and Course of Action Sample Questions Question 1:  Statement: Studies have shown that spending too much time on your phone is bad for your focus and mental health. Courses of action: I: Most of the push notifications should be turned off. II: One should get a real alarm clock and avoid taking the mobiles to bed. Solution: The first course of action follows as the statement tells us about the fact that excessive use of the phone can be bad for our health. And the best action to be taken in this direction is to avoid using mobile phones. No one can deny that mobiles these days are an essential tool, which we can’t stop using completely. Therefore, the first course of action provides us with a solution to turn off the notifications, so that we avoid much of the unnecessary use of the phone. Hence, I follow. Hence both the actions follow. At the same time, most of the people say that they carry mobile phones to bed because they need the alarm. But in this context, they end up using the mobile applications till late night. The second course of action follows as it suggests getting a real alarm, and avoiding taking the phone to bed. This is the best possible way to avoid using the phone at night. Hence both the actions follow. Question 2:  Statement: Fardeen is the best basketball player in his school. Courses of action: Fardeen should play at the state level. Solution: The first course of action follows because Fardeen being the best basketball player in his school should definitely try for state level. There is a chronology to be followed in such activities. Once you are good at the state level, then you proceed to the national and then interna- tional level. So, the course of action is true. Practice Questions on Puzzles Question 3:  Statement: Scientists predict we’re on the verge of the Sixth Mass Extinction in which three-fourths of all species become extinct. Course of action: I: One should take their meals on time. II: One should avoid purchasing products made from threatened or endangered spe- cies. Solution: The first course of action is not the correct step to be taken in accordance with the statement given above. The statement talks about the Sixth Mass Extinction, which needs to be avoided at any cost. In order to avoid such calamity, eating food on time is not an apt solution or an effective action to be taken in this direction. Therefore, the first course of action does not follow. On the other hand, the second course of action brings forward an effective solution for avoiding this mass extinction. If we avoid purchasing goods made from threatened or endangered species, then the unnecessary killing of these animals will be reduced. This action will significantly contribute to avoiding such mass extinction. Hence, the second course of action follows. Question 4: Statement: According to the news, few terrorists are hiding inside an old building in Delhi. Courses of action: I: Government should send Special Forces to Delhi. II: Government should offer them to shift to the outskirts of Delhi. Solution: After knowing the fact that the terrorists are hiding at a certain place, the Government should send special forces immediately. Knowing that approaching that area will be dangerous, the police should be backed up with special forces as well. Therefore, the first course of action definitely will be a good measure taken in

Data Sufficiency is to check and test the given set of information, whether it is enough to answer a question or not. Data Sufficiency-type questions are designed to test the candidate’s ability to relate given information to reach a conclusion. Moreover, the data sufficiency has wider attributes to test the candidate. On one hand, it may have problems from any of the topics of reasoning or quantitative aptitude and on the other hand, it can test a candidate’s analytical skills.  Generally, a question on any of the topics such as sequence, ranking, puzzle test, coding-decoding, blood relation, and so on is followed by two, three or any number of statements. These statements may contain information to arrive at the answer. Candidate’s need to decide which of the statement(s) is/are sufficient to answer the given questions.  Types of Data Sufficiency As of now we know what consists of the questions related to the Data Sufficiency reasoning section. Let us see the various types of Data Sufficiency one by one from below.  1. Blood Relation  In this type of data sufficiency, relation between 2 people will be asked and candidates need to find the statement(s) in which data is sufficient to find the relation or the correct answer.  2. Order & Ranking  In this type of data sufficiency, data on order of people or their ranking will be provided and candidates will need to find statement(s) in which data is sufficient to find the correct answer. 3. Direction & Distance  In this type of data sufficiency, data on direction of people or points and the distance traveled by a person or distance between the points will be given and candidates will need to find the statement(s) in which data is sufficient to find the direction or distance between the points.  4. Coding Decoding  In this type of data sufficiency, words or letters will be coded and candidates will need to find the statement(s) in which data is sufficient to find the logic applied to decide the code.  5. Seating Arrangement In this type of data sufficiency, data on arrangement of people will be provided and candidates will need to find the statement(s) in which data is sufficient to find the correct answer. Seating Arrangements are of two types such as Linear Arrangement and Circular Arrangement. In Linear Arrangement, people will be arranged or seated in one or multiple rows. In Circular Arrangement, people will be arranged or seated around a circular table.  6. Floor Puzzle  In this type of data sufficiency, data on people living on different floors of either same or different buildings will be given and candidates will need to find the statement(s) in which data is sufficient to find the correct answer.  7. Scheduling  In this type of data sufficiency, data based on months, years or date will be given and candidates need to decide whether the data provided in the statements is sufficient or not. How to Solve Question-Based on Data Sufficiency – Know all Tips and Tricks  Candidates can find various tips and tricks from below for solving the questions related to the Data Sufficiency reasoning section.  Tip # 1: In Data Sufficiency, candidates only need to check whether the data provided is sufficient or not to find the answer. Therefore, do not waste time in finding the final answer.  Tip # 2: Data Sufficiency problems appear to be difficult at first because of the complicated directions, but once you get familiar with these directions, you will find these problems easy to solve. Never assume anything by yourself.  Tip # 3: Always read the question carefully and identify the specific information required to answer the question. Read the statements carefully and understand them and then finally analyze the statements and try to eliminate some answer choices. This will help you increase your chances of gaining points by guessing the answer.  Data Sufficiency Sample Questions  Question 1: In an innings of a T20 international match six batsman, Raina, Yuvraj, Kohli, Dhoni, Rahane and Dhawan have scored different number of runs. How many batsmen have scored more runs than Dhoni? (I) Rahane has scored 7 runs less than Yuvraj and 10 runs more than Raina.  (II) Kohli has scored 56 runs, which is 8 runs less than Dhoni.  (III) Raina has scored 34, which is 1 run less than Dhawan.  Solution: If we analyze the given statements then we get,  (a) Raina has scored 34, which is 1 run less than Dhawan, which means Dhawan has scored 35.  (b) Kohli has scored 56 runs, which is 8 runs less than Dhoni, which means the score of Dhoni is 64. (c) Rahane has scored 7 runs less than Yuvraj and 10 runs more than Raina, which means Rahane scored 10+34 = 44 and Yuvraj scored 44+7 = 51.  As we can see, no one has scored more than Dhoni and all the statements were required to get the final answer.  Question 2: If City A and City E are in a straight line and the distance between A and C is the equal in distance between F and E then find out City A is in which direction with respect to City E.  (I) A is the north of F, which is to the west of C (II) A is to the north west of C (III) E is to the north west of F Solution: If we draw all the directions mentioned in the statements we can say very easily that Only the statement I and III are sufficient to get the final answer.  Question 3: In a certain code, “14” means “stop whispering” and “68” means “its irritating”. What do 8 and 6 mean respectively in that code?  (I) 167 means “stop irritating me” (II) 4982 means “it’s sound like whispering” Solution:  Given:  14 = stop whispering 68 = its irritating Now in statement 1, 167 “stop irritating me”, where 1 is stop, 6 is “irritating”, so 6 means “irritating” and 8 means “it’s” we can easily find the final answer from statement I.  Now in statement 2, 4982 means “it’s sound like whispering” so 4 means “whispering”, and 8 means

A statement is a group of words arranged to form meaningful sentences. A conclusion is a judgement or decision reached after consideration about the given statement. Different types of questions are covered from this analytical reasoning section such as one statement with two conclusions, more than two statements and conclusions based, and so on.  A conclusion is an option or decision that is formed after a period of thought or research on some facts or sentences stated by someone. A consequent effect needs to be analyzed before reaching to the final result or conclusion or a given premise. It requires a very systematic and logical approach.  Types of Statement and Conclusion As now we know what consists of the questions related to the Statement and Conclusion reasoning section. Let us see the various types of questions that may come one by one from below.  1. Action Motive In this type of statement and conclusion reasoning, questions are based on an action being undertaken. If such an action is always taken with a particular type of motive, then such type of motive exists.  2. Cause Effect  In this type of statement and conclusion reasoning, questions are based on the type of effects, which would take place for a particular cause. If an action is undertaken and if such an action always leads to a particular type of effect, then it is definitely true and such an effect would take place.  3. Keywords  One of the most important aspects of evaluating this type of statement and conclusion reasoning is to understand some popular words, which are known as keywords. The most significant use of keywords is that it helps in distinguishing between definitely true, probably true, and definitely false statements.  In Standard Keywords, adjectives, conjunctions, verbs, and adverbs, which are used in the statement provide the idea on the quantity as well as the quality of a statement. Some examples are, some, none, never, always, sometimes, must be, etc.  How to Solve Question Based on Statement and Conclusion Reasoning- Know all Tips and Tricks  Candidates can find various tips and tricks from below for solving the questions related to this section.  Tip # 1: Candidates can evaluate and inference/conclusion with the help of some keywords used in a passage.  Tip # 2: To avoid confusion between the choices “definitely true” and “probably true”, candidates should check if the extra assumption they need to make in order to inference/conclusion is universally true. The same thing can be used in case of “definitely false” and “probably false” statements. Statement and Conclusion Sample Questions Question 1:  Statements: India is a country of multiple languages. Conclusions: Solution: The statement says that India is a country of multiple languages, but it does not express the need for every Indian to learn multiple languages. Also, the statement gives information about only one country. Both conclusions are irrelevant as it is not relevant to the statement.  Hence, neither conclusion I nor conclusion II follows. .Question 2:  Statements: Domestic demand has been increasing faster than the production of CNG vehicles. Conclusions: The government has grown CNG vehicle plants very fast. Solution: Domestic demand has been increasing faster (cause) so the government has grown the production of CNG vehicles very fast (action is taken). Check to know more about Series Question 3:  Statement: A mid-day meal scheme is not a perfect solution to the nutrition problem, but has the added advantage of providing an incentive for parents to send their kids to school. Conclusion: Mid-day meal scheme will improve the school attendance of children. Solution: We can assume that free food usually attracts people. Under this assumption, we may consider it likely that more parents would send their children to school. Hence, this inference is probably true. Question 4: Statement: All those who have pride for their country and love for their motherland will not tolerate the remarks of the journalist. Conclusion/Inference: Some people will find the remark of the journalist intolerable.  Solution: We may safely assume that some (may be not all) people do love their country and motherland. Now, all such people do not tolerate the remarks of the journalist. Hence, it can be inferred that the inference is definitely true.